General Studies Notes
01. Features of the Act of 1909 also known as Morley-Minto Reforms:
It considerably increased the size of the legislative councils, both Central and the provincial.
It retained official majority in the Central Legislative Council but allowed the provincial legislative councils to have the non-official majority.
It enlarged the deliberative functions of the legislative councils at both the levels. For example, members were allowed to ask the supplementary questions, move resolutions on the budget, and so on.
It provided (for the first time) for the association of Indians with the executive Councils of the Viceroy and the Governors.
It introduced a system of the communal representation for Muslims by accepting the concept of the ‘separate electorate’.
It also provided for the separate representation of presidency corporations, chambers of commerce, universities and zamindars.
02. ‘A federal supreme court to interpret the Constitution’ is the only feature common to both the Indian Federation and the American Federation.
‘Appointment of state governors by the Centre’ this feature was borrowed from the Canadian Constitution.
‘Single citizenship’ feature was borrowed from the British Constitution.
Federal states like US, Switzerland and Australia have the dual citizenship.
03. Republic and the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in the Preamble are the features borrowed from the French Constitution.
04. The Preamble reveals four ingredients or components:
Source of authority of the Constitution: The Preamble states that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India.
Nature of the Indian State: It declares India to be of a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic and the republican polity.
Objectives of the Constitution: It specifies justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as the objectives.
Date of adoption of the Constitution: It stipulates November 26, 1949 as the date.
05. Democracy is of two types—direct and indirect.
In direct democracy, the people exercise their supreme power directly as is the case in Switzerland. There are four devices of direct democracy, namely, Referendum, Initiative, Recall and Plebiscite.
In indirect democracy, on the other hand, the representatives elected by the people exercise the supreme power and thus carry on the government and make the laws. This type of democracy, also known as representative democracy, is of two kinds—parliamentary and presidential.
The Indian Constitution provides for representative parliamentary democracy under which the executive is responsible to the legislature for all its policies and actions.
Universal adult franchise, periodic elections, rule of law, independence of judiciary, and absence of discrimination on certain grounds are the manifestations of the democratic character of the Indian polity.
The term ‘democratic’ is used in the Preamble in the broader sense embracing not only political democracy but also social and economic democracy.
01. Features of the Act of 1909 also known as Morley-Minto Reforms:
It considerably increased the size of the legislative councils, both Central and the provincial.
It retained official majority in the Central Legislative Council but allowed the provincial legislative councils to have the non-official majority.
It enlarged the deliberative functions of the legislative councils at both the levels. For example, members were allowed to ask the supplementary questions, move resolutions on the budget, and so on.
It provided (for the first time) for the association of Indians with the executive Councils of the Viceroy and the Governors.
It introduced a system of the communal representation for Muslims by accepting the concept of the ‘separate electorate’.
It also provided for the separate representation of presidency corporations, chambers of commerce, universities and zamindars.
02. ‘A federal supreme court to interpret the Constitution’ is the only feature common to both the Indian Federation and the American Federation.
‘Appointment of state governors by the Centre’ this feature was borrowed from the Canadian Constitution.
‘Single citizenship’ feature was borrowed from the British Constitution.
Federal states like US, Switzerland and Australia have the dual citizenship.
03. Republic and the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in the Preamble are the features borrowed from the French Constitution.
04. The Preamble reveals four ingredients or components:
Source of authority of the Constitution: The Preamble states that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India.
Nature of the Indian State: It declares India to be of a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic and the republican polity.
Objectives of the Constitution: It specifies justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as the objectives.
Date of adoption of the Constitution: It stipulates November 26, 1949 as the date.
05. Democracy is of two types—direct and indirect.
In direct democracy, the people exercise their supreme power directly as is the case in Switzerland. There are four devices of direct democracy, namely, Referendum, Initiative, Recall and Plebiscite.
In indirect democracy, on the other hand, the representatives elected by the people exercise the supreme power and thus carry on the government and make the laws. This type of democracy, also known as representative democracy, is of two kinds—parliamentary and presidential.
The Indian Constitution provides for representative parliamentary democracy under which the executive is responsible to the legislature for all its policies and actions.
Universal adult franchise, periodic elections, rule of law, independence of judiciary, and absence of discrimination on certain grounds are the manifestations of the democratic character of the Indian polity.
The term ‘democratic’ is used in the Preamble in the broader sense embracing not only political democracy but also social and economic democracy.
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