Features of the Government of India Act of 1919.(GOI Act 1919)

1. By the GOI Act 1919 relaxed the central control over the provinces by demarcating and separating the central and provincial subjects.

The central and provincial legislatures were authorised to make the laws on their respective list of the subjects.

However, the structure of government continued to be centralised and the  unitary.

2. By the GOI Act 1919 divided the provincial subjects into two parts—transferred and reserved.

The transferred subjects were to be administered by the governor with the aid of ministers responsible to the legislative Council.

The reserved subjects, on the other hand, were to be administered by the governor and his executive council without being responsible to the

legislative Council.

This dual scheme of governance was known as ‘dyarchy’—a term derived from the Greek word di-arche which means the double rule.

However, this experiment was largely unsuccessful.

3. by the GOI Act 1919 introduced, for the first time, bicameralism and direct elections in the country.

Thus, the Indian Legislative Council was replaced by a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Council of State) and a Lower House (Legislative Assembly).

The majority of members of both the Houses were chosen by the direct election.

4. It required that the three of the six members of the Viceroy’s executive Council (other than the commander-in-chief) were to be Indian.

5. It extended the principle of communal representation by providing separate electorates for Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans.

6. by the GOI Act 1919 granted franchise to a limited number of people on the basis of property, tax or education.

7. by the GOI Act 1919 created a new office of the High Commissioner for India in London and transferred to him some of the functions hitherto performed by the Secretary of State for India.

8. by the GOI Act 1919 provided for the establishment of a public service commission. Hence, a Central Public Service Commission was set up in 1926 for recruiting civil servants.

9. by the GOI Act 1919 separated, for the first time, provincial budgets from the Central budget and authorised the provincial legislatures to enact their budgets.

10. by the GOI Act 1919 provided for the appointment of a statutory commission to inquire into and report on its working after ten years of its coming into force.

Government of India Act of 1919.

On August 20, 1917, the British Government declared, for the first time, that its objective was the gradual introduction of the responsible government in the India.

The Government of India Act of 1919 was thus enacted, which came into

force in the 1921.

This Act is also known as Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms.

(Remember Montagu was the Secretary of State for India and Lord Chelmsford was the Viceroy of India).

Features of the Act of 1909

The Act of 1909 is also known as Morley-Minto Reforms (Lord Morley was the then Secretary of State for India and Lord Minto was the then Viceroy of India).

1. By the act of 1909 considerably increased the size of the legislative councils, both Central and provincial.

The number of members in the Central Legislative Council was raised from 16 to 60.

The number of members in the provincial legislative councils was not  uniform.

2. By the Act of 1909 retained official majority in the Central Legislative Council but allowed the provincial legislative councils to have non-official majority.

3. By the Act of 1909 enlarged the deliberative functions of the legislative councils at both the levels.

For example, members were allowed to ask supplementary questions, move resolutions on the budget, and so on.

4. By the Act of 1909 provided (for the first time) for the association of Indians with the executive Councils of the Viceroy and Governors. 

Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian to join the Viceroy’s Executive Council. He was appointed as the law member.

5. By the Act of 1909 introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims by accepting the concept of ‘separate electorate’.

Under this, the Muslim

members were to be elected only by Muslim voters.

Thus, the Act of 1909 ‘legalised communalism’ and Lord Minto came to be known as the

Father of Communal Electorate.

6. By the Act of 1909 provided for the separate representation of presidency corporations, chambers of commerce, universities and zamindars.

Features of the Act of 1892

1. By the Act of 1892 increased the number of additional (non-official) members in the Central and provincial legislative councils, but maintained the official majority in them.

2. By the Act of 1892 increased the functions of legislative councils and gave them the power of discussing the budget and addressing questions to the executive.

3. By the Act of 1892 provided for the nomination of some non-official members of the

(a) Central Legislative Council by the viceroy on the recommendation of the provincial legislative councils and the Bengal Chamber of Commerce, and

(b) that of the Provincial legislative councils by the Governors on the recommendation of the district boards, municipalities, universities, trade associations, zamindars and chambers.

The act made a limited and indirect provision for the use of election in

filling up some of the non-official seats both in the Central and provincial legislative councils.

The word “election” was, however, not used in the Act of 1892.

The process was described as nomination made on the recommendation of certain bodies.

Features of the Act of 1861

1. By the act of 1861 made a beginning of representative institutions by associating Indians with the law-making process. 

The viceroy should nominate some Indians as non-official members of his expanded council. 

In 1862, Lord Canning, the then viceroy, nominated three Indians to his legislative council—that was the Raja of Benaras, the Maharaja of Patiala and Sir Dinkar Rao.


2. By the act of 1861 initiated the process of decentralisation by restoring the legislative powers to the Bombay and Madras Presidencies. 



By the act of 1861 reversed the centralising tendency that started from the Regulating Act of 1773 and reached its climax under the Charter Act of 1833. This policy of legislative devolution resulted in the grant of almost complete internal autonomy to the provinces in 1937.


3. By the act of 1861 establishment of new legislative councils for Bengal, North-Western Frontier Province (NWFP) and Punjab, which were established in 1862, 1866 and 1897 respectively.


4. By the act of 1861 empowered the Viceroy to make rules and orders for the more convenient transaction of business in the council. 



By the act of 1861 gave a recognition to the ‘portfolio’ system, introduced by Lord Canning in 1859. 


Under this, a member of the Viceroy’s council was made in-charge of one or more departments of the government and was authorised to issue final orders on behalf of the council on matters of his department(s).


5. By the act of 1861 empowered the Viceroy to issue ordinances, without the concurrence of the legislative council, during an emergency. The life of such an ordinance was six months.

Indian Councils Act of 1861, 1892 and 1909

After the great revolt of 1857, the British Government felt the requirement seeking the cooperation of the Indians in the administration of their country. In pursuance of this policy of association, three acts were approve by the British Parliament in 1861, 1892 and 1909. The Indian Councils Act of 1861 is an important landmark in the constitutional and political history of the India.

Government of India Act of 1858.

GOI 1858 Act was enacted in the wake of the Revolt of 1857—also known as the First War of Independence or the ‘sepoy mutiny’.

The GOI 1858 act known as the Act for the Good Government of India, abolished the East India Company, and transferred the powers of government, territories and revenues to the British Crown.

Features of the GOI Act 1858. 

1. It provided that India henceforth was to be governed by, and in the name of, Her Majesty. It changed the designation of the Governor-General of India to that of Viceroy of India. 
He (viceroy) was the direct representative of  British Crown in  India. Lord Canning thus became the first Viceroy of the India.


2. It ended the system of double government by the abolishing the Board of Control and the Court of Directors.


3. It created a new office, the Secretary of State for India, vested with complete authority and control over the Indian administration. The secretary of state was a member of the British cabinet and was the responsible ultimately to the British Parliament.

4. It established the 15-member Council of India to assist the secretary of state for India. The council was an advisory body. The secretary of state was made the chairman of the council.


5. It constituted the secretary of state-in-council as a body corporate, capable of suing and being sued in India and in England.

‘The Act of 1858 was, however, largely confined to the improvement of the administrative machinery by which the Indian Government was to be supervised and controlled in England. It did not alter in any substantial way the system of government that prevailed in India.’

Charter Act of 1853.

This was the last of the series of the Charter Acts passed by the British Parliament between 1793 and 1853. It was a significant constitutional landmark.

Features of the Charter Act of 1853.

1. It separated, for the first time, the legislative and the executive functions of the Governor-General’s council. It provided for addition of six new members that is called the legislative councillors to the council. In other words, it established the separate Governor-General’s legislative council which came to be known as the Indian (Central) Legislative Council. This legislative wing of the council functioned as a mini-Parliament, adopting the same procedures as the British Parliament. Thus, legislation, for the first time, was treated as a special function of the government, requiring special machinery and the special process.

2. It introduced an open competition system of selection and recruitment of the civil servants. The covenanted civil service was thus thrown open to the Indians also. Accordingly, by the Macaulay Committee (the Committee on the Indian Civil Service) was appointed in the 1854.

3. It extended the Company’s rule and allowed it to retain the possession of Indian territories on trust for the British Crown. But, it did not specify any particular period, unlike the previous Charters. This was a clear indication that the Company’s rule could be terminated at any time the Parliament liked.

4. It introduced, for the first time, local representation in the Indian (Central) Legislative Council. Of the six new legislative members of the governorgeneral’s council, four members were appointed by the local (provincial) governments of Madras, Bombay, Bengal and Agra.

Charter Act of 1833.

Charter Act of 1833 was the final step towards centralisation in British India.

Features of the Charter Act of 1833.

1. It made the Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India and vested in him all civil and military powers. Thus, the act created, for the first time, a Government of India having authority over the entire territorial area possessed by the British in India. Lord William Bentick was the first governor-general of India.


2. It deprived the governor of Bombay and Madras of their legislative powers. The Governor-General of India was given the exclusive legislative powers for the entire British India. The laws made under the previous acts were called as Regulations while laws made under this act were called as the Acts.


3. It ended the activities of the East India Company as a commercial body, which became the purely administrative body. It provided that the company’s territories in the India were held by it ‘in trust for His Majesty, His heirs and successors’.


4. The Charter Act of 1833 attempted to introduce a system of open competition for selection of the civil servants, and stated that the Indians should not be debarred from holding any place, office and employment under the Company. However, this provision was negated after opposition from the Court of Directors.

Pitt’s India Act of 1784

In a bid to rectify the defects of the Regulating Act of 1773, the British Parliament passed the Amending Act of 1781, and amending act of 1781 is  also known as the Act of Settlement.

The next important act was the Pitt’s India Act of 1784.


Features of the Pitt’s India Act of 1784.

1. It distinguished between the commercial and the political functions of the Company.

2. It allowed Court of Directors to manage the commercial affairs but created a new body that is called Board of Control to manage the political affairs.

Thus, it established a system of the double government.


3. It empowered the Board of Control to supervise and direct all the operations of the civil and military government or revenues of the British possessions in India.

Thus, this act was significant for two reasons: first one , the Company’s
territories in India were for the first time called the ‘British possessions in India’; and second one is , the British Government was given the supreme control over Company’s affairs and its administration in India.

Regulating Act of 1773.

Regulating Act of 1773 is of great constitutional importance as 

(a) it was the first step taken by the British Government to control and regulate the affairs of the East India Company in India; 

(b) it recognised, for the first time,  political and the administrative functions of the Company; and 

(c) it laid foundations of central administration in India.


Features of the Regulating Act of 1773.

1. It designated the Governor of Bengal as ‘Governor-General of Bengal’ and created an Executive Council of four members to assist him. The first such Governor-General was Lord Warren Hastings.


2. It made the governors of Bombay and Madras presidencies subordinate to the governor-general of Bengal, unlike earlier, when the three presidencies were independent of one another.

3. It provided for the establishment of a Supreme Court at Calcutta (1774) comprising one chief justice and the three other judges.

4. It prohibited the servants of the Company from engaging in any private trade or accepting presents or bribes from  ‘natives’.

5. It strengthened the control of the British Government over the Company by requiring the Court of Directors (governing body of the Company) to report on its revenue, civil, and military affairs in the India.

Indian Polity top mcq

indian polity mcq 

01. The power to increase the number of judges in the Supreme Court of India is vested in

a) The President of India

b) The Parliament

c) The Chief Justice of India

d) The Law Commission

Solution (b)

02. The power of the Supreme Court of India to decide disputes between the Centre and the States falls under its

a) Advisory jurisdiction

b) Appellate jurisdiction.

c) Original jurisdiction

d) Writ jurisdiction

Solution (c)

03. ‘Economic Justice’ the objectives of Constitution has been as one of the Indian provided in: 

(a) the Preamble and Fundamental Rights

(b) the Preamble and the Directive Principles of State Policy

(c) the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy

(d) None of the above

Solution (b)


04. The distribution of powers between the Centre and the States in the Indian Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the

(a) Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909

(b) Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919

(c) Government of India Act, 1935

(d) Indian Independence Act, 1947

Solution (c)

05. Which one of the following Schedules of the Constitution of India contains provisions regarding anti-defection?

A.      Second Schedule

B.      Fifth Schedule

C.      Eighth Schedule

D.     Tenth Schedule

 Solution (d).

06. Under the Constitution of India, which one of the following is not a fundamental duty? 

(a) To vote in public elections

(b) To develop the scientific temper

(c) To safeguard public property

(d) To abide by my Constitution and respect its ideals

Solution (a).

07. According to the Constitution of India, which of the following are fundamental for the governance of the country? 

(a) Fundamental Rights

(b) Fundamental Duties

(c) Directive Principles of State Policy

(d) Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties

Solution (c)

08. In the Constitution of India, promotion of international peace and security is included in the

A.      The preamble to the Constitution

B.      Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

C.      Fundamental Duties

D.     Ninth Schedule

Solution (b).

09. The Prime Minister of India, at the time of his/her appointment: 

(a) need not necessarily be a member of one of the Houses of the Parliament but must become a member of one of the” Houses within six months

(b) need not necessarily be a member of one of the Houses of the Parliament but must become a member of the LokSabha within six months

(c) must be a member of one of the Houses of the Parliament

(d) must be a member of the LokSabha

Solution (a).

10. Which one of the following is the largest Committee of the Parliament?

A.      The Committee on Public Accounts

B.      The Committee on Estimates

C.      The Committee on Public Undertakings

D.     The Committee on Petitions

Solution (b).

11. The Parliament can make any law for whole or any part of India for implementing international treaties

(a) with the consent of all the States

(b) with the consent of the majority of States

(c) with the consent of the States concerned

(d) without the consent of any State

Solution (d).

The preamble to the Indian Constitution

The preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purpose, principles and philosophy of the constitution. Preamble gives an idea about the following : (1) the source of the constitution, (2) nature of the Indian state (3) the statement of its objectives and (4) the date of its adoption.

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949,DO HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

Source of the Constitution

We, the people of India.
The phrase “We the people of India” that emphasises  the constitution is made by and for the Indian people and not given to them by any outside power.
It also emphasizes the concept of popular sovereignty as laid down by Rousseau: All the power emanates from the people and the political system will be accountable and responsible to the people.

Nature of the Indian state

Sovereign: India is internally and externally sovereign – externally free from the control of any foreign power and internally, it has a free government which is directly elected by the people and makes the laws that govern the people. No any type of external power can dictate the government of India.

Socialist: “Socialism” as an economic philosophy where means of production and distribution are owned by the State. India adopted the Mixed Economy, where apart from the state, there will be private production too. Socialism as a social philosophy stresses more on societal equality.

Secular: Features of secularism as envisaged in the Preamble is to mean that the state will have no religion of its own and all persons will be equally entitled to the freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practice and propagate the religion of their choice. (S R Bommai and Others v Union of India, AIR 1994 SC 1918)

Democratic: Indicates that the Constitution has established a form of Government which gets its authority from the will of the people. The rulers are elected by the people and are responsible to them.

Republic: As opposed to a monarchy, in which the head of the state is appointed on the hereditary basis for a lifetime or until he abdicates from the throne, a democratic republic is an entity in which the head of state is elected, directly or indirectly, for the fixed tenure. The President of India is elected by an electoral college for a term of five years. The post of the President Of India is not the hereditary. Every citizen of India is eligible to become the President of the country.

Objectives of Indian State

Justice : Social, Economic and Political.

Equality : of status and opportunity.

Liberty : of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship

Fraternity (=Brotherhood) : assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation.

Date of its adoption

Date of adoption of the our Constitution is 26th November, 1949.  But most of the articles in the Constitution came into force on January 26th, 1950. Those articles which came into existence on 26th Novemeber 1949 is given by Article 394.
Article 394 states that this article (394) and articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392 and 393 shall come into force at once, and the remaining provisions of this Constitution shall come into force on the twenty-sixth day of January, 1950, which day is referred to in this Constitution as the commencement of this Constitution.
26 January was selected for this purpose because it was this day in 1930 when the Declaration of Indian Independence means Purna Swaraj was proclaimed by the Indian National Congress.

Info Bits related to Preamble of Indian Constitution

The preamble-page, along with other pages of the original Constitution of India, was designed and decorated solely by the renowned painter Beohar Rammanohar Sinha of Jabalpur.

Supreme Court of India has, in the Kesavananda case, recognised that the preamble may be used to interpret ambiguous areas of the constitution where differing interpretations present themselves. (In the 1995 case of Union Government Vs LIC of India also the Supreme Court has once again held that Preamble is the integral part of the Constitution.

As originally enacted the preamble described the state as a “sovereign democratic republic”. In 1976 the 42nd Amendment changed this by adding words socialist and secularto read “sovereign socialist secular democratic republic”.

Must Know the Articles of Indian Constitution

The Original Indian Constitution, when adopted by the Constituent Assembly in 1949, had 395 articles and 22 parts. Many other articles and three other parts were added to it by the subsequent constitutional amendments. As of now, the Indian constitution has about 450 articles in 25 parts.
In this post, let’s learn the must-know articles of the Indian Constitution.

Important Articles of the Indian Constitution

 

PART 1 – ARTICLE. 1 TO ARTICLE. 4

ARTICLE 1- Name and territory of the union.

ARTICLE 2 – Admission and Establishment of the new state.

ARTICLE 3 – Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries, and the name of existing states.

PART 2 – ARTICLES. 5 TO ARTICLE. 11

ARTICLE 5 – Citizenship at the commencement of the constitution.

ARTICLE le 6- Rights of citizenship of a certain person who has migrated to India from Pakistan.

ARTICLE 10- continuance of rights of citizenship.

ARTICLE 11- Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by the law.

PART 3 – ARTICLE.12 TO ARTICLE.35

ARTICLE 12- Definition of the state

ARTICLE 13- Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.

Originally, the constitution provided for 7 basic fundamental rights, now there are only six rights, one Right to property Under Article 31 was deleted from the list of fundamental rights by the 44th amendment act 1978. It made a legal right Under article 300-A in Part XII of the constitution.

Some important Fundamental Rights are as:

Right to Equality: Article. 14 to Article. 18

ARTICLE 14- Equality before the law.

ARTICLE 15- Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex. Or the place of birth.

ARTICLE 16- Equality of opportunity in the matters of public employment.

ARTICLE 17- Abolition of the untouchability.

ARTICLE 18- Abolition of titles

Right to Freedom: Article. 19 to article. 22

ARTICLE.19 guarantees to all the citizens the six rights

· (a) Right to freedom of speech and expression.

· (b) Right to assemble peacefully and without arms.

· (c) Right to form associations or unions.

· (d) Right to move freely throughout the territory of India.

· (e) Right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India.

· (f) Right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade, and business.

ARTICLE 20- Protection in respect of conviction for offences.

ARTICLE 21-Protection of life and personal liberty.

ARTICLE 22- Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.

Right against Exploitation: Article.23 & article. 24

ARTICLE 23- Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.

ARTICLE 24- Prohibition of employment of children in factories and mines. Under the age of 14.

Right to Freedom of Religion: Article.25 to article. 28

ARTICLE 25- Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.

ARTICLE 26- Freedom to manage the religious affairs.

ARTICLE 27- Freedom as to pay taxes for promotion of any particular religion.

ARTICLE 28- Freedom from attending religious instruction.

Cultural and Educational Rights: Article.29 & article. 30

ARTICLE 29- Protection of interest of minorities.

ARTICLE 30- Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions. 

ARTICLE  32- Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

PART.4 DIRECTIVE PRINCIPAL OF STATES POLICY: ARTICLE 36 TO ARTICLE. 51

ARTICLE 36- Definition

ARTICLE 37- Application of DPSP

ARTICLE 39A- Equal justice and free legal aid

ARTICLE 40- Organisation of village panchayat

ARTICLE 41- Right to work, to education, and to public assistance in certain cases

ARTICLE 43- Living Wages, etc. for Workers.

ARTICLE 43A- Participation of workers in management of industries.

ARTICLE 44- Uniform civil code.(remember this article is applicable in Goa only)

ARTICLE 45- Provision for free and compulsory education for children.

ARTICLE 46- Promotion of educational and economic interest of scheduled castes, ST, and OBC.

ARTICLE 47-Duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.

ARTICLE 48-Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.

ARTICLE 49- Protection of monuments and places and objects of natural importance.

ARTICLE 50- Separation of judiciary from the executive.

ARTICLE 51- Promotion of international peace and security.

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES: PART IV-A- ARTICLE 51A

· It contains, originally 10 duties, now it contains 11 duties by the 86th amendments act 2002.

PART 5 – UNION ( 52-151)

ARTICLE 52- The President of India

ARTICLE 53- Executive Power of the union.

ARTICLE 54- Election of President

ARTICLE 61- Procedure for Impeachment of the President.

ARTICLE 63- The Vice-president of India.

ARTICLE 64- The Vice-President to be ex-officio chairman the Council of States.

ARTICLE 66-Election of Vice-president.

ARTICLE 72-Pardoning powers of President.

ARTICLE 74- Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President.

ARTICLE 76- Attorney-General for India.

ARTICLE 79- Constitution of Parliament

ARTICLE 80- Composition of Rajya Sabha.

ARTICLE 81- Composition of Lok Sabha.

ARTICLE 83- Duration of Houses of Parliament.

ARTICLE 93- The speakers and Deputy speakers of the house of the people.

ARTICLE 105- Powers, Privileges, etc of the House of Parliament.

ARTICLE 109- Special procedure in respect of the money bills

ARTICLE 110- Definition of the “Money Bills”.

ARTICLE 112- Annual Financial Budget.

ARTICLE 114-Appropriation Bills.

ARTICLE 123- Powers of the President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of parliament.

ARTICLE 124- Establishment of Supreme Court.

ARTICLE 125- Salaries of Judges.

ARTICLE 126- Appointment of acting Chief justice.

ARTICLE 127- Appointment of ad-hoc judges.

ARTICLE 128-Attendance of a retired judge at sitting of the Supreme Court.

ARTICLE 129- Supreme court to be a court of Record.

ARTICLE 130- Seat of the Supreme court.

ARTICLE 136- Special leaves for appeal to the Supreme Court.

ARTICLE 137- Review of judgement or orders by the Supreme court.

ARTICLE 141-Decision of the Supreme Court binding on all the courts.

ARTICLE 148- Comptroller and Auditor- General of India

ARTICLE 149- Duties and Powers of CAG.

PART 6 – STATES ( 152-237)

ARTICLE 153- Governors of State

ARTICLE 154- Executive Powers of Governor.

ARTICLE 161- Pardoning powers of the Governor.

ARTICLE 165- Advocate-General of the State.

ARTICLE 213- Power of Governor to promulgate ordinances.

ARTICLE 214- High Courts for states.

ARTICLE 215- High Courts to be a court of record.

ARTICLE 226- Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.

ARTICLE 233- Appointment of District judges.

ARTICLE 235- Control over Sub-ordinate Courts.

PART 7 – 238 – REPEALED

PART 8 – 239-242 – UNION TERRITORIES

PART 9 – 243-243 O – PANCHAYATS

ARTICLE 243A- Gram Sabha

ARTICLE 243B- Constitution of Panchayats

PART 9A – 243 P-243 ZG – MUNICIPALITIES

PART 10: SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS -244

PART 11: CENTER- STATE RELATIONS 245 – 263

PART 12: FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS (264 – 300A)

ARTICLE 266- Consolidated Fund and Public Accounts Fund

ARTICLE 267- Contingency Fund of India

ARTICLE 280- Finance Commission

ARTICLE 300-A- Right to property.

PART 13: TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORIES OF INDIA (301-307)

ARTICLE 301-Freedom to trade, commerce, and intercourse.

ARTICLE 302- Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse.

PART 14 : SERVICES UNDER CENTER AND STATE (308-323)

ARTICLE 312- All- India-Service.

Article 315- Public service commissions for the union and for the states

ARTICLE 320- Functions of Public Service Commission.

PART 14A: TRIBUNALS (323 A – 323 B)

ARTICLE 323A- Administrative Tribunals

PART 15 : ELECTIONS (324 – 329)

ARTICLE 324-Superintendence, direction and control of Elections to be vested in an Election Commission.

ARTICLE 325- No person to be ineligible for inclusion in or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste, or sex.

ARTICLE 326- Elections to the house of the people and to the legislative assemblies of states to be on the basis of adult suffrage.

PART 16: SPECIAL PROVISIONS TO SC, ST, OBC, MINORITIES ETC (330 -342)

ARTICLE 338- National Commission for the SC, & ST.

ARTICLE 340- Appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes.

PART 17: OFFICIAL LANGUAGE (343- 351)

ARTICLE 343- Official languages of the Union.

ARTICLE 345- Official languages or languages of states.

ARTICLE 348- Languages to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts.

ARTICLE 351-Directive for development of the Hindi languages.

PART 18: EMERGENCY (352-360)

ARTICLE 352- Proclamation of emergency ( National Emergency).

ARTICLE 356- State Emergency (President’s Rule)

ARTICLE 360- Financial Emergency

PART 19: MISCELLANEOUS (361-367)

ARTICLE 361- Protection of President and Governors

PART 20: AMENDMENT OF CONSTITUTION (368)

ARTICLE 368- Powers of Parliaments to amend the constitution.

PART 21 : SPECIAL, TRANSITIONAL AND TEMPORARY PROVISIONS (369 – 392)

ARTICLE 370 – Special provision of J&K.

ARTICLE 371A –  Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland

ARTICLE 371-J: Special Status for Hyderabad-Karnataka region

PART 22: SHORT TEXT, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS (392 – 395)

ARTICLE 393 – Short title – This Constitution may be called the Constitution of India.

Constitution of India: List of All Articles (1-395) and Parts (1-22)

The Constitution of India contains 395 articles in 22 parts. Additional articles and parts are inserted later through various amendments. There are also 12 schedules in the Indian Constitution.

PREAMBLE

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

PART I: THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY

1 Name and territory of the Union.
2 Admission or establishment of new States.
2A [Repealed.]
3 Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States.
4 Laws made under the articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters.

PART II: CITIZENSHIP

5 Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.
6 Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan.
7 Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.
8 Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India.
9 Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens.
10 Continuance of the rights of citizenship.
11 Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

PART III : FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

General
12 Definition.
13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.
Right to Equality
14 Equality before law.
15 Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
16 Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
17 Abolition of Untouchability.
18 Abolition of titles.
Right to Freedom
19 Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
20 Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
21 Protection of life and personal liberty.
22 Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
Right against Exploitation
23 Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
24 Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc.
Right to Freedom of Religion
25 Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
26 Freedom to manage religious affairs.
27 Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
28 Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.
Cultural and Educational Rights
29 Protection of interests of minorities.
30 Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
31 [Repealed.]
Saving of Certain Laws
31A Saving of Laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.
31B Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.
31C Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles.
31D [Repealed.]
Right to Constitutional Remedies
32 Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.
32A [Repealed.]
33 Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc.
34 Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area.
35 Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.

PART IV : DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

36 Definition.
37 Application of the principles contained in this Part.
38 State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.
39 Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.
39A Equal justice and free legal aid.
40 Organisation of village panchayats.
41 Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases.
42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
43 Living wage, etc., for workers.
43A Participation of workers in management of industries.
44 Uniform civil code for the citizens.
45 Provision for free and compulsory education for children.
46 Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections.
47 Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.
48 Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.
48A Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life.
49 Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance.
50 Separation of judiciary from executive.
51 Promotion of international peace and security.

PART IVA : FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

51A Fundamental duties.

PART V: THE UNION

CHAPTER I: THE EXECUTIVE

The President and Vice-President
52 The President of India.
53 Executive power of the Union.
54 Election of President.
55 Manner of election of President.
56 Term of office of President.
57 Eligibility for re-election.
58 Qualifications for election as President.
59 Conditions of President’s office.
60 Oath or affirmation by the President.
61 Procedure for impeachment of the President.
62 Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
63 The Vice-President of India.
64 The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States.
65 The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President.
66 Election of Vice-President.
67 Term of office of Vice-President.
68 Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
69 Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President.
70 Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies.
71 Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President.
72 Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.
73 Extent of executive power of the Union.
Council of Ministers
74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise President.
75 Other provisions as to Ministers.
The Attorney-General for India
76 Attorney-General for India.
Conduct of Government Business
77 Conduct of business of the Government of India.
78 Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc.

CHAPTER II : PARLIAMENT

General
79 Constitution of Parliament.
80 Composition of the Council of States.
81 Composition of the House of the People.
82 Readjustment after each census.
83 Duration of Houses of Parliament.
84 Qualification for membership of Parliament.
85 Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution.
86 Right of President to address and send messages to Houses.
87 Special address by the President.
88 Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses.
Officers of Parliament
89 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.
90 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman.
91 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
92 The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
93 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People .
94 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
95 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
96 The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
97 Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
98 Secretariat of Parliament.
Conduct of Business
99 Oath or affirmation by members.
100 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
101 Vacation of seats.
102 Disqualifications for membership.
103 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
104 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
105 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof.
106 Salaries and allowances of members.
Legislative Procedure
107 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases.
109 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
110 Definition of “Money Bills”.
111 Assent to Bills.
Procedure in Financial Matters
112 Annual financial statement.
113 Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates.
114 Appropriation Bills.
115 Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
116 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
117 Special provisions as to financial Bills.
Procedure Generally
118 Rules of procedure.
119 Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business.
120 Language to be used in Parliament.
121 Restriction on discussion in Parliament.
122 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.

CHAPTER III: LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT

123 Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament.

CHAPTER IV: THE UNION JUDICIARY

124 Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court.
125 Salaries, etc., of Judges.
126 Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
127 Appointment of ad hoc judges.
128 Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court.
129 Supreme Court to be a court of record.
130 Seat of Supreme Court.
131 Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
131A [Repealed.]
132 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases.
133 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to Civil matters.
134 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters.
134A Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court.
135 Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court.
136 Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.
137 Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court.
138 Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
139 Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs.
139A Transfer of certain cases.
140 Ancillary powers of Supreme Court.
141 Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts.
142 Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.
143 Power of President to consult Supreme Court.
144 Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court.
144A [Repealed.]
145 Rules of Court, etc.
146 Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court.
147 Interpretation.

CHAPTER V: COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA

148 Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
149 Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General.
150 Form of accounts of the Union and of the States.
151 Audit reports.

PART VI: THE STATES

CHAPTER I: GENERAL

152 Definition.

CHAPTER II: THE EXECUTIVE

The Governor
153 Governors of States.
154 Executive power of State.
155 Appointment of Governor.
156 Term of office of Governor.
157 Qualifications for appointment as Governor.
158 Conditions of Governor’s office
159 Oath or affirmation by the Governor.
160 Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies.
161 Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.
162 Extent of executive power of State.
Council of Ministers
163 Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor.
164 Other provisions as to Ministers.
The Advocate-General for the State
165 Advocate-General for the State.
Conduct of Government Business
166 Conduct of business of the Government of a State.
167 Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.

CHAPTER III: THE STATE LEGISLATURE

General
168 Constitution of Legislatures in States.
169 Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.
170 Composition of the Legislative Assemblies.
171 Composition of the Legislative Councils.
172 Duration of State Legislatures.
173 Qualification for membership of the State Legislature.
174 Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution.
175 Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses.
176 Special address by the Governor.
177 Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses.
Officers of the State Legislature
178 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
179 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
180 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
181 The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
182 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council.
183 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
184 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
185 The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
186 Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
187 Secretariat of State Legislature.
Conduct of Business
188 Oath or affirmation by members.
189 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.
Disqualifications of Members
190 Vacation of seats.
191 Disqualifications for membership.
192 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
193 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified.
Powers, privileges and immunities of State Legislatures and their Members
194 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof.
195 Salaries and allowances of members.
Legislative Procedure
196 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
197 Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills.
198 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
199 Definition of “Money Bills”.
200 Assent to Bills.
201 Bills reserved for consideration.
Procedure in Financial Matters
202 Annual financial statement.
203 Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates.
204 Appropriation Bills.
205 Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
206 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
207 Special provisions as to financial Bills.
Procedure Generally
208 Rules of procedure.
209 Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business.
210 Language to be used in the Legislature.
211 Restriction on discussion in the Legislature.
212 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.

CHAPTER IV : LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR

213 Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.

CHAPTER V : THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES

214 High Courts for States.
215 High Courts to be courts of record.
216 Constitution of High Courts.
217 Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court.
218 Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts.
219 Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts.
220 Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge.
221 Salaries, etc., of Judges.
222 Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another.
223 Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
224 Appointment of additional and acting Judges.
224A Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts.
225 Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.
226 Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
226A [Repealed..]
227 Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court.
228 Transfer of certain cases to High Court.
228A [Repealed.]
229 Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts.
230 Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories.
231 Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.

CHAPTER VI : SUBORDINATE COURTS

233 Appointment of district judges.
233A Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges.
234 Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service.
235 Control over subordinate courts.
236 Interpretation.
237 Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates.

PART VII : THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE

238 [Repealed.]

PART VIII : THE UNION TERRITORIES

239 Administration of Union territories.
239A Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories.
239A Special provisions with respect to Delhi.
239AA Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.
239AB Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.
240 Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories.
241 High Courts for Union territories.
242 [Repealed.]

PART IX : THE PANCHAYATS

243 Definitions.
243A Gram Sabha.
243B Constitution of Panchayats.
243C Composition of Panchayats.
243D Reservation of seats.
243E Duration of Panchayats, etc.
243F Disqualifications for membership.
243G Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.
243H Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.
243-I Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position.
243J Audit of accounts of Pachayats.
243K Elections to the Panchayats.
243L Application to Union territories.
243M Part not to apply to certain areas.
243N Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats.
243-O Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

PART IXA : THE MUNICIPALITIES

243P Definitions.
243Q Constitution of Municipalities.
243R Composition of Municipalities.
243S Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.
243T Reservation of seats.
243U Duration of Municipalities, etc.
243V Disqualifications for membership.
243W Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.
243X. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities.
243 Finance Commission.
243Z Audit of accounts of Municipalities.
243ZA Elections to the Municipalities.
243ZB Application to Union territories.
243ZC Part not to apply to certain areas.
243ZD Committee for district planning.
243ZE Committee for Metropolitan planning.
243ZF Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities.
243ZG Bar to interference by Courts in electoral matters.

PART X : THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS

244 Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
244A Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor.

PART XI : RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES

CHAPTER I : LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS

Distribution of Legislative Powers
245 Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
246 Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
247 Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts.
248 Residuary powers of legislation.
249 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest.
250 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
251 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
252 Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State.
253 Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
254 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
255 Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only.

CHAPTER II : ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS

General
256 Obligation of States and the Union.
257 Control of the Union over States in certain cases.
257A [Repealed.]
258 Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases.
258A Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union.
259 [Repealed.]
260 Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India.
261 Public acts, records and judicial proceedings.
Disputes relating to Waters
262 Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys.
Co-ordination between States
263 Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.

PART XII : FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS

CHAPTER I : FINANCE

General
264 Interpretation.
265 Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.
266 Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States.
267 Contingency Fund.
Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
268 Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the State.
269 Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States.
270 Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States.
271 Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.
272 [Repealed.]
273 Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products.
274 Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested.
275 Grants from the Union to certain States.
276 Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.
277 Savings.
278 [Repealed.]
279 Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc.
280 Finance Commission.
281 Recommendations of the Finance Commission.
Miscellaneous financial provisions
282 Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues.
283 Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts.
284 Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts.
285 Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation.
286 Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods.
287 Exemption from taxes on electricity.
288 Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases.
289 Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation.
290 Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions.
290A Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds.
291 [Repealed.]

CHAPTER II : BORROWING

292 Borrowing by the Government of India.
293 Borrowing by States.

CHAPTER III : PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS

294 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases.
295 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases.
296 Property accruing by escheat or laps or as bona vacantia.
297 Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union.
298 Power to carry on trade, etc.
299 Contracts.
300 Suits and proceedings.

CHAPTER IV : RIGHT TO PROPERTY

300A Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law.

PART XIII : TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA

301 Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse.
302 Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse.
303 Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce.
304 Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States.
305 Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies.
306 [Repealed.]
307 Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304.

PART XIV : SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES

CHAPTER I : SERVICES

308 Interpretation.
309 Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State.
310 Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State.
311 Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.
312 All-India services.
312A Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services.
313 Transitional provisions.
314 [Repeated.]

CHAPTER II : PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS

315 Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.
316 Appointment and term of office of members.
317 Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission.
318 Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission.
319 Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members.
320 Functions of Public Service Commissions.
321 Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.
322 Expenses of Public Service Commissions.
323 Reports of Public Service Commissions.

PART XIVA: TRIBUNALS

323A Administrative tribunals.
323B Tribunals for other matters.

PART XV: ELECTIONS

324 Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
325 No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
326 Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage.
327 Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
328 Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.
329 Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.
329A [Repealed.]

PART XVI: SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES

330 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.
331 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People.
332 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
333 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
334 Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years.
335 Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.
336 Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services.
337 Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-Indian Community.
338 National Commission for Scheduled Castes.
338A National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
339 Control of the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
340 Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes.
341 Scheduled Castes.
342 Scheduled Tribes.

PART XVII: OFFICIAL LANGUAGE

CHAPTER I: LANGUAGE OF THE UNION

343 Official language of the Union.
344 Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language.

CHAPTER II: REGIONAL LANGUAGES

345 Official language or languages of a State.
346 Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union.
347 Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State.

CHAPTER III: LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURTS, ETC.

348 Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.
349 Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language.

CHAPTER IV: SPECIAL DIRECTIVES

350 Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances.
350A Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage.
350B Special Officer for linguistic minorities.
351 Directive for development of the Hindi language.

PART XVIII: EMERGENCY PROVISIONS

352 Proclamation of Emergency.
353 Effect of Proclamation of Emergency.
354 Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
355 Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance.
356 Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States.
357 Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356.
358 Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies.
359 Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies.
359A [Repealed.]
360 Provisions as to financial emergency.

PART XIX: MISCELLANEOUS

361 Protection of President and Governors and Rajprakukhs.
361A Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures.
361B Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post.
362 [Repealed.]
363 Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc.
363A Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished.
364 Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes.
365 Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union.
366 Definitions.
367 Interpretation.

PART XX: AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION

368 Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor.

PART XXI: TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS

369 Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List.
370 Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
371 Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
371A Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland.
371B Special provision with respect to the State of Assam.
371C Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur.
371D Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh.
371E Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh.
371F Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim.
371G Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
371H Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh.
371-I Special provision with respect to the State of Goa.
372 Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation.
372A Power of the President to adapt laws.
373 Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases.
374 Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council.
375 Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution.
376 Provisions as to Judges of High Courts.
377 Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
378 Provisions as to Public Service Commissions.
378A Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.
379-391 [Repealed.]
392 Power of the President to remove difficulties.

PART XXII: SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS

393 Short title.
394 Commencement.
394A Authoritative text in the Hindi language.
395 Repeals.